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**Abstract:**
This paper introduces an intelligent processing unit for the control panel of CNC machine tools, based on the 89C51/52 microcontroller. It explains the working principle, hardware design, and software implementation of the system. A new software algorithm is proposed to eliminate key bounce, ensuring more stable operation. The unit communicates with the numerical control system via a standard serial port and has been successfully applied in a three-axis CNC milling machine. Both the hardware and software are reliable and efficient, offering a modular and standardized solution for manual operation panels.
**Keywords:** CNC machine tool; microcontroller; serial communication
**Classification number:** TP368.2
**Document code:** A
**Article ID:** 1001-2265(2000) 02-0027-02
**Flexible Panel Adapter for CNC Machine Tools Based on 89C51/52**
**Mao Junhong, Zhao Zhongsheng, Li Lichuan**
**Abstract:**
A flexible panel adapter for CNC machine tools based on the 89C51/52 microcontroller is presented in this paper. The hardware and software architecture of the adapter are described, along with a novel noise rejection method using state transition graphs. The device connects to the CNC system through a standard RS232 serial interface and has been implemented in a three-axis CNC milling machine. The system is robust, efficient, and suitable for various applications.
**Keywords:** CNC machine tool; single-chip computer; serial communication
**1 Introduction**
In CNC machines, the manual operation panel plays a critical role. It must ensure that inputs are mutually exclusive and prevent accidental operations through mechanical interlocks. The panel uses level-triggered switches rather than edge-triggered ones, allowing multiple states to be processed simultaneously while maintaining reliability. It also provides visual feedback such as LED indicators or LCD displays to show the current status of the machine.
Most existing designs integrate the manual panel’s I/O into the PLC, which increases development time and complexity. This paper proposes an intelligent processing unit that simplifies the design and improves modularity. By using the 89C51/52 microcontroller, the panel can communicate with the CNC system via a standard serial port, reducing the need for custom I/O configurations. This approach not only lowers development costs but also enhances system flexibility and scalability.
**2 Working Principle**
The 89C51/52 microcontroller includes internal ROM, a 16-bit timer, and a built-in serial port. When used in a CNC panel processing unit, it typically does not require external memory expansion. Each I/O pin corresponds to a specific input or output, and if more pins are needed, they can be expanded easily. The microcontroller continuously monitors input signals and sends updated states to the CNC system through the serial port. At the same time, it receives display data from the CNC system and updates the panel accordingly.
Because of the use of serial communication, the interface between the panel and the CNC system is standardized, making it easier to integrate and maintain. The processing unit operates independently, reducing the load on the CNC system's CPU and enabling a more efficient and modular design.
**3 System Software**
Upon power-up, the microcontroller initializes and enters an interrupt-driven mode, allowing both timer and serial interrupts. During timer interrupts, the system checks for changes in input status and sends them to the CNC system. The serial interrupt handles incoming data from the CNC system, updating the panel’s display and controls.
The software uses a state transition approach to detect and eliminate key bounce, ensuring accurate and reliable input. Key states are stored in memory, and transitions are checked over multiple cycles to avoid false readings caused by mechanical jitter or electrical noise. This method significantly improves the stability of the system.
**4 Conclusion**
This paper presents an intelligent processing unit for CNC machine tool panels based on the 89C51/52 microcontroller. The system meets all functional requirements, features a well-designed hardware and software structure, and offers high reliability. The use of serial communication makes the panel a standardized and expandable module. Additionally, a simple and effective software algorithm for eliminating key bounce has been implemented. The system is highly scalable and can support additional input/output ports or display interfaces, making it a versatile solution for modern CNC applications.